Calcium channels in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure

摘要: With the development of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, there are profound alterations in ability cell to contract relax. Despite several decades intensive investigation, precise cellular mechanisms responsible for this contractile dysfunction remain unknown. Recent advances confocal microscopy fluorescent calcium (Ca⊃2⊃+) indicators have allowed investigators image focal release Ca⊃2⊃+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum first time. The use these techniques offers unique opportunity study elemental events excitation–contraction coupling diseased myocardium. In review, we focus on role channels (L-type T-type) TTX-sensitive Ca⊃2⊃+-permeable sodium (Na⊃+) channel normal abnormal function. Additionally, sodium–calcium exchanger voltage-activated process is discussed. application newer microscopic animal models that mimic human disease longitudinally will provide means identify precisely abnormalities handling occur with failure.