Genetic factors and the brain in ADHD

摘要: Importance: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heritable neurodevelopmental disorder. Whole brain volume reportedly reduced in ADHD, as well early-emerging, persistent sub-cortical abnormalities. However, due to heterogeneity within and between studies limited sample sizes, findings on the neuroanatomical substrates of ADHD have shown considerable variability. Moreover, potential familial underpinnings that may underlie these remain underexplored. Objective: To examine whether linked alterations whole subcortical volumes; volumetric ADHD. Design, setting participants: We included participants from large carefully-phenotyped Dutch NeuroIMAGE (collected 2009-2012) consisting 307 with 169 their unaffected siblings 196 typically-developing controls (mean age=17.21 years, age range: 8-30 years). Main outcome measures: volumes (total brain, gray white matter volumes) regions (nucleus accumbens, amygdala, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, hippocampus, putamen, thalamus brainstem) were derived structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans using automated tissue-segmentation. Results: Regression analyses revealed that, relative controls, had 2.5% smaller total (p=0.0027) 3% (p=0.0005)while was unaltered. Unaffected intermediate controls. Significant by diagnosis interactions showed increasing decreasing (p<0.0001) putamen (p=0.0101) but not nor siblings. significantly related other volumes. Conclusions Relevance: Global reductions be general mechanisms underlying normal development The age-dependent indicate relevance different developmental trajectories versus support role basal ganglia pathophysiology Alterations suggest are risk for useful molecular genetic studies. Whole-brain families 43