Changes in Population, Affluence, and Environmental Pressures During Industrialization: The Case of Austria 1830–1995

摘要: This paper relates changes in aggregate population, affluence (measured as GDP), and indicators for environmental pressures, the latter being based upon socioeconomic metabolism concept, Austria from 1830 to 1995. During this period of time underwent a transition predominantly agricultural mode substistence an industrial economy. The Austrian population increased by factor 2.3, total GDP 28.2 per capita 12.2. Environmental change factors between 0.85 over 1000. In general we find that although efficiencies (environmental pressure unit GDP) dramatically, pressures considerably most indicators, except those are related subsistence. Our results indicate policies aim reduce (i.e., increase “ecological efficiency”) not likely be sufficient sustainable development because efficiency gains more than compensated increases affluence. Instead, sustainability policy should focus on reducing pressures.