The PANDAS subgroup of tic disorders and childhood-onset obsessive–compulsive disorder

摘要: Abstract Diagnosis and treatment of the PANDAS (pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections) variant Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) childhood-onset obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) are still controversial issues. Most cross-sectional studies confirm a significant association between GTS development an immune response against group A β-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS). Moreover, longitudinal retrospective suggest that recent exposure to GABHS might be risk factor for onset tics symptoms. However, further evidence from prospective research is needed verify whether temporal infections symptom exacerbations useful reliable criterion diagnosis PANDAS. In addition, preliminary results spectrum enlarged include attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Although number immunological biomarkers have been proposed as markers variant, at present, none these has conclusively proved diagnose monitor disease course in children suspicion Finally, despite their empirical use community settings, we lack conclusive, evidence-based data regarding usefulness antibiotic immunomodulatory treatments Given relevance this topic general pediatric health, additional efforts solve all pending issues hottest points debate warranted.