Residue loads in amphibians used as biomarkers of pesticide levels entering food chains in sub-Saharan Africa : review

摘要: Residues accumulate rapidly in amphibians to reach lethal levels. During previous years Zimbabwe, total DDT residues from general agricultural contamination were at 3.90 ppm wet weight Bufo gutturalis and 1.50 Ptychadena anchietae. Dieldrin the Tomopterna cryptotis downstream of heavy pesticide spillage Somaliland up 0.135 (geometric mean 0.035 ppm), with β-HCH 0.43 0.08 ppm. was within 0.02-0.20 range. At these levels, it should present no hazard vertebrate predators ingesting amphibian prey. After fifth final application non-persistent insecticide, endosulfan (14.0-23.8 g ha-1 11-14-day intervals), against tsetse flies (vectors trypanosomiasis cattle) 0.14-0.57 P. Over 51-day period treatment, exponential accumulation 2.05 liver anuran species significantly correlated time. Organochlorine accumulated a geometric 30.88 corpses frogs that had been placed experimentally contact heavily contaminated soil (3728 exceeded baseline control (0.18 ppm) 168-fold. Amphibian residue loads are biomarkers levels pesticides entering faunal food chains, thus environment sub-Saharan Africa generally.