HPV 16 and cigarette smoking as risk factors for high-grade cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia

摘要: Although genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is well established as the etiologic agent for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), little known about cofactors involved in development of high-grade lesions or progression low-grade to lesions. In our study HPV-infected women with CIN (163 I, 51 II and 44 III), III were compared those I risk factors associated After controlling age, education, ethnicity frequency Pap smear screening, HPV 16, but not high viral load multiple types, was (OR 5 11.96, OR 23.74). Risk III, II, increased number cigarettes smoked per day (ORs 1.49 3.35 I10 G10 day, respectively) decreased condom use during sex 0.60 0.32 who used condoms occasionally/sometimes most/ all time, respectively). There no associations between plasma levels micronutrients (retinol, b-carotene, a-tocopherol reduced ascorbic acid). Our results indicate that 16 Additional cofactors, such cigarette smoking, may be required a carcinogen advance cells toward neoplastic progression. Int. J. Cancer 78:281‐285, 1998. r 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.