Effects of biological, economic and management factors on tuna and billfish stock status

摘要: Commercial tunas and billfishes (swordfish, marlins sailfish) provide considerable catches income in both developed developing countries. These stocks vary status from lightly exploited to rebuilding severely depleted. Previous studies suggested that this variability could result differences life-history characteristics economic incentives, but exploitation histories management measures also have a strong effect on current stock status. Although the (biomass fishing mortality rate) of major tuna billfish is well documented, these diverse factors not been analysed at global level. Here, we show that, particularly for tunas, were more depleted if they had high commercial value, long-lived species, small pre-fishing biomass subject intense pressure long time. In addition, implementing enforcing total allowable (TACs) strongest positive influence overfished stocks. Other control rules such as minimum size regulations or seasonal closures important reducing pressure, under TAC implementations showed fastest increase biomass. Lessons learned study can be applied managing large industrial fisheries around world. particular, regional organizations should consider relative effectiveness observed pelagic