The spotted gar genome illuminates vertebrate evolution and facilitates human-teleost comparisons

摘要: To connect human biology to fish biomedical models, we sequenced the genome of spotted gar (Lepisosteus oculatus), whose lineage diverged from teleosts before teleost duplication (TGD). The slowly evolving has conserved in content and size many entire chromosomes bony vertebrate ancestors. Gar bridges tetrapods by illuminating evolution immunity, mineralization development (mediated, for example, Hox, ParaHox microRNA genes). Numerous noncoding elements (CNEs; often cis regulatory) undetectable direct human-teleost comparisons become apparent using gar: functional studies uncovered roles such cryptic CNEs, facilitating annotation sequences identified genome-wide association studies. Transcriptomic analyses showed that sums expression domains levels duplicated genes approximate patterns genes, consistent with subfunctionalization. provides a resource understanding after duplication, origin genomes function regulatory sequences.