Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer and Fusarium Dieback in California

摘要: The Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer (Coleoptera: Curculeonidae: Scolytinae), Euwallacea sp. near fornicatus, is an ambrosia beetle native to Asia that has been introduced into Israel, California, and South Africa. maintains a symbiotic relationship with three species of fungi it vectors between host trees by carrying spores within mandibular mycangium. These ambrosial are inoculated the sole nutritional source for adults larvae. Unfortunately forest resource managers, one fungi, Fusarium euwallaceae, moderately virulent pathogen responsible causing dieback disease in susceptible hosts. High levels infestation have resulted high mortality. currently recognized range beetle-fungus complex includes more than 200 tree can be attacked beetle, 100 support growth fungus, 37 used as reproductive beetles. Many these hosts important agricultural crops, components California urban forest, or riparian communities. Management focused on monitoring using visual inspections trapping, sanitation solarization chipping, direct control contact systemic insecticides. Future management approaches will include planting resistant unsuitable biological control. As information about biology ecology insect-fungus developed, may possible develop strategies limiting spread among regions world Mediterranean climates.