Preimplantation embryo metabolism and culture systems: experience from domestic animals and clinical implications

摘要: Despite advantages of in vitro embryo production many species, widespread use this technology is limited by generally lower developmental competence derived embryos compared to vivo counterparts. Regardless, or gametes and face must adjust multiple microenvironments especially at preimplantation stages. Moreover, the has be able further adapt environmental cues utero result birth live healthy offspring. Enormous strides have been made understanding meeting stage-specific requirements embryos, but interpretation data difficult due complexity wide array culture systems remarkable plasticity developing that seem develop under a variety conditions. Nevertheless, primary objective remains meeting, as closely possible, provided vivo. In general, oocytes more satisfactorily when cultured groups. However, optimization individual an important goal area intensive current research for both animal human clinical application. Successful importance order avoid ovarian superstimulation associated physiological psychological disadvantages patients. This review emphasizes stage specific shifts metabolism optimize conditions supplementation, with view optimizing single particular.