How does Behavior Change the Brain? Multiple Methods to Answer Old Questions.

摘要: SYNOPSIS. Clearly the brain controls behavior but can also ''control'' brain? On an evolu- tionary time scale, selective ecological pressures shape sensory and motor capacities as well body behavior. Correspondingly, in development, acts concert with environment to cause structural changes lasting a lifetime. Surprisingly, ''real time'' social changes, typically reversible, adult animals. Changes caused by behavioral interactions be dramatic, many instances, these are directly related reproductive Un- derstanding how sculpts course of is major challenge. Analyzing such requires model system allowing control biological environ- ment animals simultaneously yet access physiological, cellular molecular processes being regulated. The mouthbrooding cichlid Haplochromis (Astatotilapia) burtoni (Gunther) from Lake Tan- ganyika lends itself study influences on brain. It has complex, though easily observable individual behaviors regulated two distinct classes males, those territories without. Many features shaped encounters including maturation juveniles, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, growth rate, basal stress level among others. How does information effect change body? Animals must attend scene identify their chances. Learning transduced into this species should help understand happens other Von Uexkull (1921) realized that every ex- periences life differently because it lives its own particular ''umwelt,'' or unique perceptual world. For example bat uses sonic echoes probe darkness, forming images sound reflected off surround- ings see eyes ultraviolet, possibly for nectar foraging (Winter et al., 2003) giv- ing windows Such define what sensed, enabling some constraining responses an- imal. Writing at beginning twentieth century, could not have anticipated discovery magnetic, electric pressure senses, nor he imagined ''visual'' sense extending infrared ultraviolet. Lorenz (1932) expanded idea ''umwelt'' include just detection stimuli physical surroundings His influential article, ''Com- panions factors bird's environment,'' showed scientists needed enlarge views animal's world indi- viduals aggregate context. Behavior ultimate arbiter animal survival ani- mals respond during others phenotype. Yet behav- ior, turn, depends intricate