Comparative toxicity of seven rare earth elements in sea urchin early life stages

摘要: The widespread use of rare earth elements (REEs) in a number technological applications raises unanswered questions related to REE-associated adverse effects. We have previously reported on the multiple impact some REEs early life stages sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. present investigation was evaluate REE toxicity two unrelated species, Sphaerechinus granularis and Arbacia lixula. comparative toxicities were tested seven REEs, namely yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, samarium, europium gadolinium as chloride salts at concentrations ranging from 10-7 10-4 M. evaluated endpoints included developmental defects cytogenetic anomalies REE-exposed embryos/larvae, decreased fertilization success offspring damage following sperm exposure. results showed different patterns for individual that varied according test species treatment protocol, thus showing scaling REEs. Further, observed effects compared with those P. lividus either embryo or exposures. S. significantly higher sensitivity both A. lixula This study provides clear-cut evidence distinct among series differences micromolar levels may warrant investigations susceptibility impacts along polluted coasts.