Cadmium stress effects indicating marine pollution in different species of sea urchin employed as environmental bioindicators.

摘要: In recent years, researches about the defense strategies induced by cadmium stress have greatly increased, invading several fields of scientific research. Mechanisms cadmium-induced toxicity continue to be interest for researchers given its ubiquitous nature and environmental distribution, where it often plays role pollutant numerous organisms. The presence in environment this heavy metal has been constantly increasing because large employment industrial agricultural activities. Cadmium does not any biological and, since cannot degraded living organisms, is irreversibly accumulated into cells, interacting with cellular components molecular targets. one most studied inductors a potent modulator processes such as apoptosis, autophagy, reactive oxygen species, protein kinase phosphatase, mitochondrial function, metallothioneins, heat-shock proteins. Sea urchins (adults, gametes, embryos, larvae) offer an optimal opportunity investigate possible adaptive response cells exposed cadmium, these are known accumulate contaminants. review, we will examine responses different sea urchin focus on Paracentrotus lividus embryos. embryo represents suitable system, subjected legislation animal welfare can easily used toxicological studies bioindicator pollution. Recently, included guidelines use interpretation assays monitor autophagy.