Disentangling risk in a multi-predator landscape: Roe deer respond to differing patterns of risk to lynx, wolves and humans through shifts in their habitat selection

摘要: Predation risk is known to evoke behavioural responses in prey animals, and are often faced with a trade-off between lowering their predation acquiring resources. This situation becomes more complex multi-predator landscape, especially if those predators employ different hunting strategies, induce spatial patterns of risk. In this study, the that roe deer face from humans, as well natural predators, lynx wolves, were identified. Using experiment provided by return large coinciding decline mortality, shifting examined. mortality locations, combined used locations same 149 deer, each predator was related habitat infrastructure attributes. Mostly line predictions, agricultural lands found present highest human hunting, while old forest safe predation, no strong pattern for wolf predation. Habitat selection relation most important factors then compared period before after recolonized area, using location data 231 individuals. All analyses conducted at within home-range scale. I general, selected for, although less intensively during season both recolonisation. Moreover, there tendency weaker differences nonhunting seasons lynx, potentially reflecting lower intensity period, added throughout year. An increased use recolonisation due relative safety attack provides. Hence, study demonstrates can generate risk, seem respond these differential through temporal shifts.