Behavioural responses of ungulates to indirect cues of an ambush predator

摘要: Ambush predators provide more persistent cues of predation risk compared to coursing and are predicted exert stronger effects on behaviour their prey. We studied anti-predator responses ungulates by means camera traps an olfactory cue (fresh scat) ambush predator, the Eurasian lynx ( Lynx lynx). Roe deer Capreolus capreolus) red Cervus elaphus) both important prey species for were not vigilant when exposed scent, but reduced visitation duration. Our results contrast with previously reported scent from a wolf Canis lupus), where only vigilance foraging duration changed in response scat. This indicates that able recognize differing hunting modes based adjust anti-predatory behaviour.