Home Ranges of Wolves in Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland, Compared with Other Eurasian Populations

摘要: Home-range size, its seasonal variation, and pattern of home-range use wolves ( Canis lupus ) were studied in Bialowieėa Primeval Forest (BPF) located on the Polish-Belarussian borderland 1994–1996. In Belarussian part BPF where hunted, their winter density was 0.9–1.5 individuals/100 km2, mean pack size 2.7–3.2 wolves. Polish protected, densities 2–2.6 four to five spring-summer, usually moved singly or pairs (65% observations), but autumn-winter, 51% seen snowtracked groups whole packs. 1994–1996, belonging two neighbouring packs seven individuals each radiotracked for 4–18 months. Their total home ranges, estimated by minimum convex polygon method with 100% locations, covered 173–294 km2. Core areas comprising 50% small: 11–23 5–13% ranges. Packs hunted both core peripheral parts majority diurnal resting sites areas. Home ranges 141–168 km2 spring-summer (May-September) 99–271 autumn-winter (October-April). There nearly no overlap packs’ (0–3% various seasons). Variation range observed breeding females. During parturition early nursing May–June, they confined activity an average 17 Literature sizes Eurasian reviewed. increased from 80–240 southern central Europe 415–500 northern Scandinavia. Smallest reported regions red deer Cervus elaphus common. The population status affected ranges; large low-density colonizing populations small established populations.