Measuring telecouplings in the global land system: A review and comparative evaluation of land footprint accounting methods

摘要: In an increasingly globalized world with more and distributed international supply chains, sustainability studies policies need to consider socioeconomic environmental interactions between distant places. Studies of the global biomass metabolism investigate physical flows within nature human systems, thus providing a useful basis for understanding interrelatedness changes in one place impacts elsewhere. Various methodological approaches exist studying human–nature estimating land embodied trade flows, core element assessing telecouplings system. The results recent vary widely, lacking robustness hampering their application policy making. This article provides structured overview comparative evaluation existing accounting methods models calculating footprints. We identify differences available indicate shortcomings, which are mainly attributable product chain coverage detail, biases introduced by use monetary as proxy actual flows. suggest options further development footprint methods, particularly highlighting advantages hybrid framework robust transparent assessments displacement use.