Ethnic outbidding and nested competition: Explaining the extremism of ethnonational minority parties in Europe

摘要: The classical outbidding model of ethnic politics argues that democratic competition involving parties inevitably leads to where adopt ever more extreme positions. However, recent small-N studies show is only one a range strategies available parties. This article seeks explain why some are extremist, whereas others moderate Drawing on the and nested party competition, it hypothesised segmentation electoral market, relative salience an ethnically cross-cutting economic dimension account for varying degrees extremism. Hypotheses tested drawing novel, expert-survey-based dataset provides indicators positions 83 ethnonational minority in 22 European democracies 2011. Results ordinary least squares two-level linear regressions as gains importance, become system mean. electorate's has positive effect extremism, but this not significant all models. Contrary expectations, higher associated with majority estimated