The Politics of Electoral Systems

摘要: Foreword PART 1: INTRODUCTION: ELECTORAL SYSTEMS AND RESEARCH 1. Introduction to Electoral Systems 2. Comparative Research: The Maturation of a Field and New Challenges Ahead 3. Why are There so many (or few) Reforms? 2: SINGLE-MEMBER CONSTITUENCY 4. Australia: Alternative vote in Compliant Political Culture 5. Canada: Sticking First-past-the-Post, for the Time Being 6. France: Stacking Deck 7. India: Two-Party Contests Within Multi-Party System 8. United Kingdom: Plurality Rule Under Siege 9. States America: Perpetual Campaigning Absence Competition 3: MIXED 10. Germany: Stability Strategy Mixed-Member Proportional 11. Hungary: Holding Back Tiers 12. Italy: A Case Fragmented Bipolarism 13. Japan: Haltingly Toward 14. Zealand: Consolidation Reform? 15. Russia: Authoritarian Adaptation an 4: CLOSED LIST 16. Israel: Politics Extreme Proportionality 17. South Africa: One Party Dominance Despite Perfect 18. Spain: Representation with Majoritarian Outcomes 5: PREFERENTIAL PR-STV 19. Austria: Complex Subtle Effects 20. Belgium: Empowering Voters or Elites? 21. Chile: Unexpected (and Expected) Consequences Engineering 22. Denmark: Simplicity Embedded Complexity Is it Other Way Round?) 23. Finland: Hundred Years Quietude 24. Netherlands: Sanctity 25. Ireland: Discreet Charm 6: CONCLUSION 26. Conclusion Appendix - Mechanics B Indices Fragmentation Disproportionality C: Effective Threshold District Magnitude D: Values 22 Countries at Most Recent Election E: Web Sites Related Elections, Results,