Para- and Autocrine Mediators in the Glioma Microenvironment

摘要: Unregulated growth, apoptosis-resistance, invasion, strongly increased angiogenesis, and immunosuppression are hallmarks of gliomas. Drivers these tumor-promoting processes several auto- paracrine factors, mostly bioactive peptides. Among them, distinct neuropeptides, chemokines, growth cytokines play a prominent role. Since receptors for neuropeptides often overexpressed on glioma cells, derivatives increasingly used imaging/diagnosis radiotherapy, whereas clinical significance agonists or antagonists remains questionable. Chemokines their significantly contribute to tumor progression by exerting not only chemotactic but also proliferative anti-apoptotic effects. Next small peptides, multitude classical factors with tyrosine kinase activity driving players cell progression. Growth factor cells partly constitutively activated through mutations, therefore appear targets anti-glioma therapies. Several heavily produced exhibit immune-modulatory functions, favor proliferation, maintenance the stem character stem(-like) may attract stroma cells. Apart from peptides/proteins, some lipid nutrient additional drivers Thus, (or stem-like cells) exert autocrine as well actions endothelial (angiogenesis factors), microglial, other Vice versa, blood-borne those microenvironment drive in complex ways. Despite its complexity, this network mediators provides excellent diagnosis, imaging,