Infertility in the Male: Office evaluation of the subfertile male

摘要: This chapter discusses the development of adult population Leydig cells from stem cell precursor through progenitor and immature stages. The morphogenetic events early testis differentiation are controlled by Sry (sex-determining region on Y chromosome) gene. Lack luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulation results in reduced steroidogenic enzyme activities atrophy. As men age, progressive decreases serum concentrations testosterone occur. Associated with these significant health consequences, including sexual function, energy, muscle bone density, increased frailty cognitive impairment. A number hypotheses have been put forward over years to explain changes that occur aging cells, late-onset gene expression, telomere shortening, modifications, immune system, accumulated reactive oxygen-induced damage DNA, lipids, and/or proteins.