Microinsemination and nuclear transfer using male germ cells.

摘要: Microinsemination has been widely used in basic reproductive research and human-assisted technology for treating infertility. Historically, microinsemination mammals started with on the golden hamster; since then, it provided invaluable information mechanisms of mammalian fertilization. Thanks to advances animal genetic engineering germ-cell technologies, techniques are now extensively identify biological significance genes interest or confirm normality gametes produced by experimental manipulations vitro. Fortunately, mice, high rates embryo development offspring can be obtained so long as postmeiotic spermatogenic cells male gametes-that is, round spermatids, elongated spermatozoa. For some other species, using immature significantly decreases efficiency microinsemination. Physically unstable chromatin low oocyte-activating capacity major causes fertilization failure. The youngest germ cells, including primordial gonocytes, construction diploid embryos nuclear-transfer cloning. cloned this way provide erasure reestablishment genomic imprinting cells.