Amazonian Amphibian Diversity Is Primarily Derived from Late Miocene Andean Lineages

摘要: The Neotropics contains half of remaining rainforests and Earth's largest reservoir amphibian biodiversity. However, determinants Neotropical biodiversity (i.e., vicariance, dispersals, extinctions, radiations) earlier than the Quaternary are largely unstudied. Using a novel method ancestral area reconstruction relaxed Bayesian clock analyses, we reconstructed biogeography poison frog clade (Dendrobatidae). We rejected an Amazonian center-of-origin in favor complex connectivity model expanding over Neotropics. inferred 14 dispersals into 18 out Amazonia to adjacent regions; Andes were major source Amazonia. found three episodes lineage dispersal with two interleaved periods vicariant events between South Central America. During late Miocene, Amazonian, American-Chocoan lineages significantly increased their diversity compared Andean Guianan-Venezuelan-Brazilian Shield counterparts. Significant percentage dendrobatid Choco resulted from repeated immigrations, radiations at <10.0 million years ago (MYA), rather situ diversification. In contrast, Andes, Venezuelan Highlands, Guiana have undergone extended diversification near constant rate since Oligocene. effects Miocene paleogeographic on dynamics provided framework under which patterns endemism evolved.