Effects of Household Storage and Plumbing Systems on the Levels of Trace Elements in Desalinated Drinking Water in Kuwait

摘要: Household desalinated drinking water samples collected from outdoor points and indoor consumption at 99 locations representing more than 95% of the residential areas in Kuwait were analyzed for 25 trace elements quality parameters. Only Al, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni, Zn found to be over-represented point compared with point, wide variations among sampling elements. The highest increases observed Fe (135%) (123%), followed by Pb (69%), Co (58%), Cu (42%), Cr (31%), Al (30%), lowest increase was Ni (19%). In most cases, inversely proportional conductivity directly Cl– concentration. samples, only exceeded US-EPA guideline (in 3% taken), whereas WHO guidelines 8.5%, 0.3%, 1% respectively. Thus, leaching household utilities may cause health concerns consumers Kuwait. summer (240%), this regard, exhibited greatest difference between winter (the 139% higher summer). results present study useful production authorities suggest use alternative new pipes resistant internal coatings connecting techniques.