Ecosystem Services and Beyond: Using Multiple Metaphors to Understand Human–Environment Relationships

摘要: Ecosystem services research has been focused on the ways that humans directly benefit from goods and services, economic valuation techniques have used to measure those benefits. We argue that, although it is appropriate in some cases, this focus direct use quantification often limiting can detract environmental effective management, part by crowding out other understandings of human—environment relationships. Instead, we make case systematic consideration multiple metaphors such relationships assessing social—ecological systems will foster better understanding many which relate to, care for, value ecosystems. Where possible, encourage a deliberative approach ecosystem management whereby researchers actively engage conservationists local resource users explicit, through open deliberation, types salient their conservation problem.