Pathophysiological roles of microvascular alterations in pulmonary inflammatory diseases: possible implications of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and CXC chemokines

摘要: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bronchial asthma are common respiratory diseases that caused by chronic infl ammation of the airways. Although these mediated substantially distinct immunological reactions, especially in mild cases, they both show increased numbers neutrophils, production tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) poor responses to corticosteroids, particularly patients with severe diseases. These alterations may contribute strongly airway structural changes, commonly referred as remodeling. Microvascular alterations, a component remodeling ammation, observed appear be clinically involved It has been well established vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays important roles microvascular moderate cases diseases, but any role VEGF might play remains unclear. Here, we review recent research fi ndings, including our own data, discuss possibility TNF-α its associated CXC chemokines even more crucial than those COPD or asthma.