Four meta-analyses across 164 studies on atypical footedness prevalence and its relation to handedness.

摘要: Human lateral preferences, such as handedness and footedness, have interested researchers for decades due to their pronounced asymmetries at the population level. While there are good estimates on the prevalence of in population, is no large-scale estimation footedness. Furthermore, relationship between footedness still remains elusive. Here, we conducted meta-analyses with four different classification systems 145,135 individuals across 164 studies including new data from ALSPAC cohort. The study aimed determine a reliable point estimate association handedness, investigate moderating factors influencing We showed that atypical ranges 12.10% using most conservative criterion left-footedness 23.7% all left- mixed-footers single non-right category. As many 60.1% left-handers were left-footed whereas only 3.2% right-handers left-footed. Males 4.1% more often non-right-footed compared females. Individuals psychiatric neurodevelopmental disorders exhibited higher non-right-footedness. presence mixed-footedness was children adults increased athletes general population. Finally, marginally influenced by cultural social factors, which play crucial role determination handedness. Overall, this provides useful reference laterality research. suggest valuable phenotype motor biases, its underlying genetics neurodevelopment.