Protected area conflicts: a state-of-the-art review and a proposed integrated conceptual framework for reclaiming the role of geography

摘要: Despite the recent paradigmatic shift in conservation science, protected areas (PAs), which are associated with seminal strategies, remain a key tool for achieving biodiversity conservation. Nevertheless, PAs’ effectiveness as measures is undermined by conflicts arising within their socio-ecological systems. Potential reasons negative impact of include tendency researchers to emphasise managerial or behavioural aspects conflicts, while neglecting develop theoretical foundations conflict analysis. We aimed critically review existing conceptual frameworks applied broadly defined field and new more comprehensive framework that better reflects contemporary identified challenges nature particularly proposed emphasised integration geographical perspective interdisciplinary approaches application PA settings. systemised unified conflict-related terminology, assessed contributions limitations critical gaps field. These are: inadequate recognition spatial analysis, lack consistency between individual-level community-level systematic linkages among main structural attributes such determinants, interests types conflicts. systematically distinguished 26 terms, including: frames, images, orientations, factors, categories, issues, potential, intensity. Our covers three major components (determinants, dimensions, levels) foregrounds socio-psychological characteristics enabling systemisation typologies.