Structural and functional alterations in photosynthetic apparatus of plants under cadmium stress

摘要: Cadmium is a potentially toxic heavy metal that hampers plant productivity by interfering with their photochemistry. Cd causes disturbances in range of physiological processes plants such as photosynthesis, water relations, ion metabolism and mineral uptake. pronouncedly affects photosynthesis alteration its vital machinery all aspects. Photosynthesis well organised sequential process fundamental to green microorganisms which involves various components, including photosynthetic pigments photosystems, the electron transport system CO2 reduction pathways. Any damage at any level caused Cd, critically overall capacity. Present review focuses on key effects apparatus chloroplast structure, pigments, Chl-protein complexes photosystems resulting decrease efficiency carbon assimilation pathway.