Household Water Resources and Rural Productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of the Evidence

摘要: The benefits and costs of providing a safe, convenient, reliable water supply to households in the developing world have been subject vast wide-ranging research effort for at least four decades. Despite quantity studies carried out, relatively little is known about number key aspects household use. In particular, productivity cost having an inadequate supply, measured terms quality labor lost as result, has rarely examined carefully. There also use rural areas, most focused on world's rapidly expanding cities. Among regions world, both these gaps are acute sub-Saharan Africa, region whose population access improved supply. This paper reviews summarizes results areas Africa that offer clues effects resources productivity. Findings presented extent safe supplies, use, water-related diseases, time collecting from distance sources, interventions improve supplies. Most indicate averages only 10 liters/person/day, far less than needed proper hygiene practices. Water-related diseases account between percent 12 all morbidity mortality Africa. Households (and primarily women) spend average 134 minutes/day water, saved by bringing supplies closer likely dominate estimates improving Data current future diseases; opportunity spent sickness or caring sick; what kinds sanitation, interventions, sequence, produce greatest health poor, further issues needed.