Toward Understanding How Early-Life Stress Reprograms Cognitive and Emotional Brain Networks.

摘要: Vulnerability to emotional disorders including depression derives from interactions between genes and environment, especially during sensitive developmental periods. Adverse early-life experiences provoke the release modify expression of several stress mediators neurotransmitters within specific brain regions. The interaction these with developing neurons neuronal networks may lead long-lasting structural functional alterations associated cognitive consequences. Although a vast body work has linked quantitative qualitative aspects adolescent adult outcomes, number questions are unclear. What distinguishes 'normal' pathologic or toxic stress? How effects transformed into changes in individual networks? Which ones affected? We review context established emerging studies. introduce novel concept regarding origin stress, stating that it derive patterns environmental signals, those derived mother caretaker. Fragmented unpredictable maternal care behaviors induce profound chronic stress. aberrant rhythms sensory input might also directly adversely influence maturation circuits, analogy visual auditory systems. Thus, unpredictable, stress-provoking outcomes by disrupting underlying networks. Comprehensive approaches multiple levels analysis required probe protean consequences adversity on brain. These involve integrated human animal-model studies, ranging vivo imaging neuroanatomical, molecular, epigenomic, computational methodologies. Because is powerful determinant subsequent vulnerabilities pathologies, understanding processes will have implications for world's current future children.