Overview of the Brain Polyamine-Stress-Response: Regulation, Development, and Modulation by Lithium and Role in Cell Survival

摘要: An early transient increase in brain polyamine (PA) metabolism, termed the PA-stress-response (PSR), is a common reaction to stressful stimuli, including physical, emotional, and hormonal stressors, with magnitude related stress intensity. In extreme, traumatic injury can result an incomplete PSR, persistent accumulation of putrescine eventual reduction concentrations higher polyamines (PAs), spermidine spermine. Chronic intermittent application stressors causes recurrence but, contrast, it leads habituation response periphery (liver). Severe continuous stress, however, may lead PAs. Long-term inhibition PA synthesis depletes PAs altered emotional reactivity stressors. Furthermore, contrast periphery, be blocked by long-term, but not short-term, treatment lithium, most efficacious manic–depressive illness. The PSR developmentally regulated, switch mature pattern coincides cessation “stress hyporesponsive period” hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) system. liver, adrenal thymus down-regulated acute Transient up-regulation as implicated cell survival while its down-regulation death. Taken together, findings indicate that dynamic process varies type, intensity, duration implicate this adaptive mechanism events. Under conditions, maladaptive reflected accumulation. This raises hypothesis proper regulation critical for neuronal function appropriate behavioral