Situating adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the externalizing spectrum: Etiological, diagnostic, and treatment considerations.

作者: Vivek Benegal , Arun Kandasamy , Jayant Mahadevan

DOI: 10.4103/PSYCHIATRY.INDIANJPSYCHIATRY_549_18

关键词: PopulationPsychosocialAttention deficit hyperactivity disorderImpulsivityClinical psychologyComorbidityBorderline personality disorderPsychological interventionPsychologyConduct disorder

摘要: Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has a population prevalence of 5%. However, its is much higher in mental health and substance use treatment settings. It associated with significant physical psychiatric morbidity, as well social, occupational, legal consequences. ADHD considered to be part the externalizing spectrum which it shares both homotypic comorbidity heterotypic continuity across lifespan. This attributable shared genetic basis, interacts environmental risk factors such nutritional deficiencies psychosocial adversity bring about epigenetic changes. seen result lag brain maturation particularly areas related executive functioning (top-down regulation) prefrontal cingulate cortices. delay when coupled impairments reward processing, leads preference for immediate small rewards common disorders. increasingly understood not merely classically described symptoms hyperactivity, impulsivity inattention, but also issues motivation, emotional recognition regulation, excessive mind wandering, behavioral self-regulation. These are observed other disorders overlap oppositional defiant disorder, conduct antisocial borderline personality disorder. therefore important develop broad-based specific interventions able target these deficits can reduce burden improve outcomes.

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