From pharmacogenetics and ecogenetics to pharmacogenomics.

摘要: The origin and development of pharmacogenetics are traced with emphasis on early hints by Garrod, Haldane, later RJ Williams. field was delineated Motulsky in 1957 described as Vogel 1959. Kalow's monograph (1962) definitely established the discipline. Resemblance identical twins drug metabolism compared non (Vesell, 1970's) general importance polygenic inheritance disposal many drugs. Ecogenetics defined Brewer 1971 dealing genetic variation affecting response to any environmental agents xenobiotics. More recent developments have broadened pharmacogenetic approaches include novel genomic techniques introduction term pharmacogenomics 1990's. Genetic (toxicogenetics toxicogenomics) also being applied "environmental genome project". interaction dietary factors led Nutritional ecogenetics (Nutrigenomics) which relates role genetics nutritional requirements nutrition-mediated susceptibility chronic disease. total promise is often overstated. likely an impact choice therapy avoidance adverse events but unlikely lead a revolution therapeutics. Aspects pharmacogenomic its applications including problems premature commercialization discussed.