Biology, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of pancreatic cancer

摘要: Abstract Pancreatic cancer (PC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths and will become second most prevalent one by 2030 owing to its aggressive nature. It has worst prognosis limited efficiency commonly available therapies. The incidence mortality rate are high in developed countries. Variabilities geography gender proportional increase risk factors. Risk factors include an unhealthy lifestyle, modifiable that PC known but insufficient; therefore, a better understanding etiology epidemiology essential for prevention. Germ line mutations, hereditary disorders (familial adenomatous polyposis, familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome, nonpolyposis colorectal cancer), inherited (BRCA2 mutations), gene polymorphism control detoxification carcinogens from environment alter Inherent resistance against chemotherapeutic drugs results occurrence dense stroma developed, including extracellular matrix nonneoplastic cells (fibroblasts, immune, invasive vascular cells), which significantly impairs drug delivery mechanism. Hence, increased cellular pathways Notch, Wnt, Hedgehog, Kristen rat sarcoma (Kras) involved impairing DNA repair processes, cell metabolism, metastasis can provide new therapeutic strategies developing novel regimens. Clinically, use markers diagnostic prognostic somatic altered genes such as Kras TP53 been investigated, although these tests remain inconsistent their inappropriate clinical performance. Thus, elucidating crucial molecular mechanisms biology necessary enable future research aimed at effective biomarkers early diagnosis therapy PC.