Biomarkers in Advanced Colorectal Cancer: Challenges in Translating Clinical Research into Practice

摘要: The growing number of therapeutic agents and known molecular targets in oncology makes the study clinical use biomarkers imperative for improving response survival, reducing toxicity ensuring economic sustainability. Colorectal cancer, among others, is at forefront development predictive prognostic biomarkers; however, difficulty lies translating potential garnered from retrospective analyses small numbers patients to generalizable affordable used worldwide. This review outlines progress made advanced colorectal cancer (ACRC) early carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) KRAS mutation beyond. Future challenges are incorporate standardized validated methods preferentially during phases drug linked with sophisticated biostatistical support. New trial designs focusing on will be essential not only better understanding mechanisms action, but also make confident ‘go or no-go’ decisions.