Genetics and conservation of European brown bears Ursus arctos

摘要: We review the genetics research that has been conducted on European brown bear Ursus arctos, one of genetically best-studied mammalian species. 2. The first studies bears were phylogeography, as a basis for proposed population augmentations. Two major mitochondrial DNA lineages, western and eastern, two clades within lineage found. This led to hypothesis had contracted southern refugia during last glacial maximum. More recent results suggest gene flow among blurred this structure they survived north these putative refugia. Thus, today's might be result fragmentation caused by humans. 3. nuclear diversity is similar in range North American bears: low levels occur small populations high large populations. 4. Many non-invasive genetic methods, developed bears, have used individual identification, censusing populations, monitoring migration flow, testing methods are easier use endangered over areas. 5. Genetics study many behavioural ecological questions relevance conservation management bears. 6. served, will continue serve, model development analyses hypotheses genetics.