Circuits regulating pleasure and happiness: the evolution of reward-seeking and misery-fleeing behavioral mechanisms in vertebrates.

摘要: The very first free-moving animals in the oceans over 540 million years ago must have been able to obtain food, territory, and shelter, as well reproduce. Therefore, they would needed regulatory mechanisms induce movements enabling achievement of these prerequisites for survival. It can be useful consider primitive chordates, which represent our earliest ancestors, develop hypotheses addressing how essential parts human behavior are regulated relate more sophisticated behavioral manifestations such mood. An animal comparable lampreys was known vertebrate with a modern forebrain consisting old new cortical parts. Lampreys separate dorsal pallium, forerunner most recently developed part cerebral cortex. In addition, lamprey extrapyramidal system (EPS), regulates movement, is modern. However, their putative forerunners, hagfishes, striatum, input this EPS, probably corresponds centromedial amygdala, higher vertebrates mediating fear anxiety. Both well-developed nuclear habenulae, involved several critical behaviors; reward that reinforces appetitive-seeking or avoidance flight resulting from negative inputs. also distinct glutamatergic nucleus, so-called habenula-projection globus pallidus, receives GABAergic signals gives output lateral habenula. Via route, nucleus influences midbrain monoaminergic nuclei food acquisition system. These various structures motor regulation may conserved humans include two complementary reinforcement behaviors. associated experiencing pleasure second happiness. activities by tract running via habenula upper brainstem. Identifying correlate habenula-projecting pallidus help elucidating mechanism antidepressant effects drugs.