Mitochondrial phylogeography of the moor frog, Rana arvalis.

摘要: The moor frog Rana arvalis is a lowland species with broad Eurasiatic distribution, from arctic tundra through forest to the steppe zone. Its present-day range suggests that glacial refugia of this were located outside southern European peninsulas. We studied species-wide phylogeographical pattern using sequence variation in 682 base pairs fragment mtDNA cytochrome b gene; 223 individuals 73 localities analysed. Two main clades, A and B, differing by c. 3.6% divergence detected. clade further subdivided into two subclades, AI AII 1.0%. All three lineages are present Carpathian Basin (CB), whereas rest range, including huge expanses Eurasian lowlands, inhabited solely lineage. infer B survived several cycles CB but did not expand, at least interglacial, north. geographical distribution genealogical relationships between haplotypes lineage indicate group had refugia, one eastern part other probably Russia. Populations both contributed colonization western was colonized refugium only. effective population size as evidenced theta(ML) an order magnitude higher than lineages. Demographic expansion detected all