Nuclear and mitochondrial phylogeography of the European fire-bellied toads Bombina bombina and Bombina variegata supports their independent histories.

摘要: Exact location and number of glacial refugia still remain unclear for many European cold-blooded terrestrial vertebrates. We performed a fine-scaled multilocus phylogeographic analysis two Bombina species combining mitochondrial variation 950 toads from 385 sites nuclear genes (Rag-1, Ncx-1) subset samples to reconstruct their colonization contemporary patterns. identified the lowlands northwest Black Sea Carpathians be important refugial areas B. bombina B. variegata, respectively. This result emphasizes importance Central ectothermic species, far north Mediterranean regarded as exclusive animals. Additional B. variegata have been located in southern Apennines Balkans. In contrast, no evidence other east plains regions has found. The distribution mtDNA Ncx-1 suggests presence local near B. bombina; however, coalescent simulations did not allow distinguish whether one or were present region. Strong genetic drift apparently accompanied postglacial expansions reducing diversity areas. Extended sampling, coupled with isolation migration analysis, revealed limited geographically restricted gene flow Balkan Carpathian populations B. variegata. However, despite proximity inferred refugia, exchange between them was detected.