Swarms, swarming and entanglements of fungal hyphae and of plant roots

摘要: There has been recent interest in the possibility that plant roots can show oriented collective motion, or swarming behavior. We examine evidence supportive of root and we also present new observations on this topic. Seven criteria are proposed for definition a swarm, whose application help identify putative behavior plants. Examples where these fulfilled, at many levels organization, presented relation to systems, as well root-like mycelial cords (rhizomorphs) fungi. The ideas both an “active” swarming, directed by signal which imposes common vector swarm element aggregation, “passive” aggregation results from external constraint, introduced. Active is pattern cooperative peculiar sporophyte generation vascular plants antithesis competitive shown gametophyte such plants, passive may ...