Genome‐wide analyses suggest parallel selection for universal traits may eclipse local environmental selection in a highly mobile carnivore

摘要: Ecological and environmental heterogeneity can produce genetic differentiation in highly mobile species. Accordingly, local adaptation may be expected across comparatively short distances the presence of marked gradients. Within European continent, wolves (Canis lupus) exhibit distinct north-south population differentiation. We investigated more than 67-K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci for signatures 59 unrelated from four previously identified clusters (northcentral Europe n = 32, Carpathian Mountains n = 7, Dinaric-Balkan n = 9, Ukrainian Steppe n = 11). Our analyses combined identification outlier with findings genome-wide association study individual genomic profiles 12 variables. 353 candidate SNP loci. examined position neighboring megabase (1 Mb, one million bases) regions dog (C. lupus familiaris) genome genes potentially under selection, including homologue other vertebrates. These included functional for, example, temperature regulation that indicate controlling functions universally important wolves, olfaction, hearing, vision, cognitive functions. also observed strong outliers not associated any variables, which could suggest selective pressures unmeasured variables and/or demographic factors. patterns are further supported by examination spatial distributions SNPs traits, typically show differences allele frequencies among clusters. parallel selection features to all eclipse implies long-term separation