Urban-Major Reforms in Urban Water Policy and Management in Major Australian Cities

摘要: Abstract The history of urban water reform in Australia parallels the sharing and allocation system. This is influenced by origins Australian utilities as public sector, often local government, entities. first major reforms 1990s separated regulatory operational functions corporatized many them, well heralded a greater commitment to commercial returns transparent economic regulation. At same time, historic focus on supply planning was being supplemented supply-demand planning, including some explicit targets for reduction use through improved customer efficiency, reduced losses increased recycling. accelerated during Millennium drought, which triggered strong recognition impact climate uncertainty security. Large capital works programs increasing ensued, building desalination plants, application “real options” sector. In last 10 years, there has been growth alternative servicing options sewerage provision, third-party provision. future likely see emergence smart digital utility, resource efficiency recovery, energy nutrients, shift fourth generation infrastructure, “fit purpose” provision services variation models ownership service