Polyphyly of the hawk genera Leucopternis and Buteogallus (Aves, Accipitridae): multiple habitat shifts during the Neotropical buteonine diversification

摘要: The family Accipitridae (hawks, eagles and Old World vultures) represents a large radiation of predatory birds with an almost global distribution, although most species this occur in the Neotropics. Despite great morphological ecological diversity, evolutionary relationships have been poorly explored at all taxonomic levels. Using sequences from four mitochondrial genes (12S, ATP8, ATP6, ND6), we reconstructed phylogeny Neotropical forest hawk genus Leucopternis allied genera buteonines. Our goals were to infer among Leucopternis, estimate their other buteonine genera, evaluate phylogenetic significance white black plumage patterns common species, assess general diversification group respect species' affiliations regions habitats. molecular for its allies disagrees sharply traditional arrangements group, present new hypotheses number species. mtDNA trees derived analysis combined data posit polyphyletic relationship Buteogallus Buteo. Three highly supported clades containing recovered our reconstructions. first clade consisted sister pairs L. lacernulatus meridionalis, urubitinga Harpyhaliaetus coronatus, addition schistaceus plumbeus. second included pair albicollis occidentalis as well polionotus. third lineage comprised melanops kuhli, semiplumbeus Buteo buteo. According results, evolved least twice group. Furthermore, found east west Andes (cis- Andean trans- Andean, respectively) are not reciprocally monophyletic, nor non-forest polyphyly establishes lack concordance current taxonomy points need further levels also suggested by recent analyses. Habitat shifts, cis- trans-Andean disjunctions, took place more than once during region. Overemphasis has led questionable conclusions regarding suggests generally that characters should be used considerable caution evaluation Accipitridae.