Occurrence of selected antibiotics and antiretroviral drugs in Nairobi River Basin, Kenya.
作者： Elijah Ngumba , Anthony Gachanja , Tuula Tuhkanen , None
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2015.08.139
关键词:
摘要: In this paper, we investigated the occurrence of three antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim and ciprofloxacin) antiretroviral (lamivudine, nevirapine zidovudine) drugs in Nairobi River Basin, Kenya. The analytical procedure involved extraction using solid phase followed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-ESI-MS/MS). study, 40 sites were selected for sampling, including 38 along rivers 2 wastewater treatment effluent sites. All studied compounds detected with sulfamethoxazole having highest detection frequency 97.5% ciprofloxacin had lowest at 60%. results showed that concentration increased highly populated regions especially within informal settlements. maximum (median) concentrations river waters sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, ciprofloxacin, lamivudine, zidovudine ng/L 13,800 (1800), 2650 (327), 509 (129), 5430 (1000), 4860 (769), 7680 (660), respectively. generally higher than those plant effluents signifying are substantially contaminated domestic wastewater. environmental risk was evaluated calculating quotients (RQs) algae, daphnia fish based on median analytes basin expressed as ratios measured (MEC) to predicted no effect (PNEC). RQs ranged from 0 507.8 apart lamivudine a low RQ, all other RQ>1 least one taxonomic group. high indicative possible adverse ecological effects calls corrective mitigation strategies.
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