Plant invasion across space and time: factors affecting nonindigenous species success during four stages of invasion.

摘要: Invasive nonindigenous plant species (NIPS) threaten native diversity, alter ecosystem processes, and may interact with other components of global environmental change. Here, a general framework is outlined that attempts to connect patterns invasion processes underlying these at four well-established spatio-temporal stages the process: transport, colonization, establishment, landscape spread. At each stage we organize findings ideas about filters limit NIPS success interaction historical aspects introduction events, traits, properties. While it remains difficult draw conclusions risk across ecosystems, delineate universal 'invader traits', or predict large-scale extinctions following invasions, this review highlights growing body research suggests invasive controlled by series key filters. These are common all will throughout invasion, although relative importance filter be stage, location specific. It suggested both management programs benefit from employing multiscale approaches studying controlling invasion. We further use briefly examine potential interactions between climate change