Dynamic regulation of single- and mixed-species malaria infection: insights to specific and non-specific mechanisms of control.

摘要: Our increasing appreciation of the high prevalence mixed-species Plasmodium infection in malaria-endemic regions has resulted controversy regarding likely mechanism(s) regulation for mixed parasite burden within an individual human host. In present study, we examined dynamic models spp. by fever and non-specific (NS) species-specific (SS) immunity (including influence their variable time-delays, duration, efficacy) order to assess role these factors regulating detectable parasitemia clinical disease. suggest that observe irregular waves are often found multiply infected subjects, there must be a differential SS immune effect (beyond regulatory effects species-transcendent density-dependent previously posited control parasitemia), time-dependent variation dominant species. By implementation controls non-permanent resulting multi-dimensional model can viewed as multiple single-species oscillators coupled via NS controller. This extended exhibits essential patterns long-term infections. Although this 'circuit-immunity' gives only qualitative estimate complex web participating agents reaction pathways, it provides starting point future studies specific within-host mechanisms regulate malaria infection.