Who are the people reluctant to participate in research? Personality correlates of four different types of nonresponse as inferred from self- and observer ratings.

摘要: This article outlines a typology of nonresponse biases that may occur in research based on voluntary participation and presents empirical evidence the relationships between personality traits. We describe four different types occurring at recruitment stage, during data collection, stage for further research. Personality correlates all were investigated using from an online survey e-mailed to owners personal Web sites, observer ratings targets' obtained. After reviewing target persons' observers judged complete nonrespondents as less agreeable open experience than respondents. Furthermore, higher extraversion, openness experience, narcissism differentiated volunteers follow-up nonvolunteers both self- ratings. found only weak careless selective item nonresponse. Findings show have significant implications representativeness surveys test norms.