Electromagnetic flow control in metallurgy, crystal growth and electrochemistry

摘要: Electromagnetic fields, produced either by alternating (AC) or constant (DC) electric currents, simple permanent magnets, strongly influence the flow of liquid metals electrolytes. This is caused Lorentz force (density) fL = j × B, resulting from interaction between magnetic induction B and current density j, induced Faraday’s law in metals, injected case weakly conducting liquids, e.g. electrochemical systems. The study feedback velocity field u ,d riven byfL called magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), a discipline dating back to discovery 1831 Faraday. For basics MHD we refer excellent textbooks [1–3 ]o r recent review [4]. Important early milestones development were first metal experiments channels performed Hartmann 1937 [5 ]a nd Nobel prize decorated incompressible waves 1942 [6], now