作者: Jeffrey Pfeffer
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511570841.002
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摘要: The literature on organizations has been dominated by a rationalistic, individualistic perspective and, for the most part, denied both reality of as institutions (Zucker, 1983) well embedded and at times quasi-political character organizational action choice (Granovetter, 1985). Thus, instance, much writing in 1950s 1960s, particularly that emanating from schools administration, emphasized primacy efficacy managerial action. behavior was to be understood terms concepts such leadership, values, style, culture, strategy (Miles Snow, 1978). emphasis proactive, intentional remains prominent, if not dominant, theme contemporary (Bourgeois, 1984; Peters Waterman, 1982). Such focus two consequences. First, attention is directed inside organization seeking explanations practices decisions. If intention are prepotent, it inevitably decision-making one must look understand organizations. continues dominate social science more generally. It fits prevailing ideologies emphasizing individual, rational decisionmaking, accountability being consistent with cognitive biases tend lodge causation individuals rather than their environments (Nisbett Ross, 1980). Second, this tends deny institutional